definiton and example morphology and syntax

 MORPHOLOGY

Understanding Morphology According to ExpertsMany experts have given the sense morphology. Mulyana (2007: 5), states that the term morphology "is derived from the English language morphology, meaning that the branch of linguistics that studies on the structure or parts of words grammatically. In the past, science is better known as morphemics, namely the study of morpheme. However, along with the development and dynamics of language, the term is more popular then morphology.

1.     Understanding morphology according to Verhaar (1996: 97), states that the morphology is the branch of linguistics that identifies the basic units of language as grammatical units.
2. Understanding morphology according Samsuri (1988: 15), defining morphology as a branch of linguistics that studies the structure and forms of words.
3. Definition of morphology according to Ramlan (1978: 2) Morphology is part of the science of language to talk about or to learn the ins and outs of the structure of words as well as the effect of changes in the structure of the class of words and meaning of the word.
4. Definition of morphology by Nida (1974: 1) states that the morphology is a study of morphemes and morpheme preparation for the creation of the word.
5. Morphological definition according to Crystal (1980: 232-233) morphology is the branch of grammar that examines the structure or form of words, mainly through the use of morfem.Definisi Morphological according to Bauer (1983: 33) discusses the internal structure morphology form of the word.
6. Morphological definition according Rusmaji (1993: 2) morphology include words, parts and processes.
7. Morphological definition according to O'Grady and Dobrovolsky (1989: 89-90) morphology is a component of transformational-generative word (TGT) which talks about the internal structure of words, especially the word complex.  

This is the understanding of morphology according to experts. general morphology is the study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds. At the basic level, words are made of "morphemes." These are the smallest units of meaning: roots and affixes (prefixes and suffixes). Native speakers recognize the morphemes as grammatically significant or meaningful. For example, "schoolyard" is made of "school" + "yard", "makes" is made of "make" + a grammatical suffix "-s", and "unhappiness" is made of "happy" with a prefix "un-" and a suffix "-ness".
Inflection occurs when a word has different forms but essentially the same meaning, and there is only a grammatical difference between them: for example, "make" and "makes". The "-s" is an inflectional morpheme.
In contrast, derivation makes a word with a clearly different meaning: such as "unhappy" or "happiness", both from "happy". The "un-" and "-ness" are derivational morphemes. Normally a dictionary would list derived words, but there is no need to list "makes" in a dictionary as well as "make."

• Morphemes and allomorphy
• Roots and affixes
• Example Greek and Latin Roots

 Morphemes and allomorphy
Morphemes are form/meaning pairings (where "form" = distinctive string of sounds). Morphemes can be roots or affixes, depending on whether they are the main part or dependent part of a word (cf. Roots vs. Affixes).

Roots and Affixes

Morphemes (minimal units of meaning) are of two basic kinds: roots and affixes . While there is not an absolutely sharp dividing line between them, due to the natural, gradual historical progression from root to affix, there are various properties that typically cluster together, thus allowing us to distinguish the two types. For most morphemes, it is clear which class they belong in.
Properties of roots:

• main part of word
• must be at least one in a word
• in English, limited to two in a word (simple words have one, compound words have two); where roots are bound, as in Latin or Greek, more can occur in a word, but the number of roots in a particular word is generally small;
• can occur independently (free roots)--although bound roots , particularly classical, occur
• tend to have richer, more specific semantic content
• position is relatively free with respect to other roots (cf. photograph vs. telephoto)

SYNTAX

Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by the which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be Viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis. "(Noam Chomsky, 2002: 11)Chomsky said that the syntax is the lesson / lecture on the principles and processes in which the sentences are arranged in a specific language. Research on the specific language syntax has a purpose of its own in which the arrangement of grammar can be seen as a tool to generate a sentence in a language. Another expert who explains the syntax definition is Matthew, quoted by Van Vallin and LaPolla (1997: 1), he said:'The term' syntax 'is from the Ancient Greek syntaxis, a verbal noun the which literally means "arrangement" or "setting out together". Traditionally, it Refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in the which words, with or without Appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence. 'Matthew explained that the term verbal noun syntax is taken from the ancient Greek language which literlek means "arrangement". Generally, syntax refers to the grammar field that explains about the ways words, with or without inflection, arranged to show the relationship of meaning in a sentence. In line with the explanation of Matthew, Van Valin (2001: 1) expresses the essence of the syntax itself as follows:'First and foremost, syntax offer section with how sentences are constructed, and users of human language employ a striking variety of possible arrangements of the elements in sentences.'According to Van Vallin first and foremost thing is that the syntax that discusses how kalilmat was compiled and syntax also discuss how humans as beings who speak using a variety of arrangements of the element in the sentence.

Correct and Incorrect Syntax 

• Incorrect - While watching a movie, people who text on their phone are very annoying.
• Correct - People who text on their phone while watching a movie are very annoying.

The phrase "while watching a movie" modifies the noun phrase "People who text on their phone" by explaining when they text. The modifier should follow the noun phrase of the sentence.

• Incorrect - Happy about her upcoming promotion, the trip home was full of singing.
• Correct - Happy about her upcoming promotion, Sammie sang all the way home.

The phrase "Sammie sang all the way home" is more descriptive than "the trip home was full of singing.

• Incorrect - Come for a visit I have plenty of food.
• Correct - Come for a visit! I have plenty of food.

Breaking the words into two sentences allows for an exclamation mark which increases the impact of "Come for a visit!"

• Incorrect - Before we go to the movies.
• Correct - I need to rest before we go to the movies.

"Before we go to the movies" is a sentence fragment. Adding "I need to rest" makes the words a complete sentence.

• Incorrect - I gave him money I stole from the store.
• Correct - I gave him the money I stole from the store.

Adding the word "the" further explains which money was given.

• Incorrect - To the movies we are going.
• Correct - We are going to the movies.